Ferramentas de análise molecular para identificação de patógenos na aquicultura

Abstract

RESUMO: A aquicultura é um setor em crescente desenvolvimento no mundo, porém vem sofrendo muito com doenças causadas por patógenos. O diagnóstico e tratamento precoce desses organismos é essencial para evitar perdas por mortalidade nos sistemas de cultivo. O desenvolvimento da biologia molecular proporcionou o surgimento de ferramentas para realizar diagnóstico molecular de patógenos de forma mais eficiente do que os métodos convencionais. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar, compreender e descrever as técnicas utilizadas para realizar diagnóstico molecular de patógenos na aquicultura. Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática em trabalhos sobre o tema nos últimos 10 anos. Algumas das ferramentas mais comuns utilizada para a identificação de patógenos na aquicultura são a reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR), a amplificação isotermal mediada por loop (LAMP), o polimorfismo de comprimento de fragmentos de restrição (RFLP) e a amplificação da recombinase polimerase (RPA). Essas ferramentas proporcionam resultados rápidos, com especificidade e sensibilidade para o diagnóstico de diversas espécies de vírus, bactérias e fungos que afetam a aquicultura. Além da capacidade de detectar a presença de patógenos, essas ferramentas também podem ser usadas para diferenciar organismos em nível de espécies e também para identificar cepas. O desenvolvimento dessas ferramentas está em constante crescimento e possuem grande potencial para aplicação na aquicultura, porém ainda existe pouco material informativo e didático sobre as técnicas de diagnóstico molecular. Dessa forma, o incentivo para pesquisa e disseminação da informação dessas ferramentas pode ser um grande aliado do setor aquícola.

ABSTRACT: Aquaculture is a continuously growing industry in the world, but it has been suffering a lot from diseases from pathogens. The early diagnosis and treatment of these pathogens are essential to avoid losses due to mortality in the cultivation systems. The development of molecular methods has led to the emergence of tools to perform molecular diagnosis of pathogens more efficiently than conventional methods. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate, understand and describe the techniques used to perform molecular diagnosis of pathogens in aquaculture. A systematic review was carried out on publications about the theme in the past 10 years. Some common tools for molecular diagnosis of pathogens in aquaculture are polymerase chain reaction (PCR), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and polymerase recombinase amplification (RPA). These tools provide rapid, specific and sensitive diagnosis of several species of viruses, bacteria and fungi that affect aquaculture. In addition to the ability to detect the presence of pathogens, these tools can also be used to discriminate organisms at the species level and identify strains. The development of these tools is constantly growing and has great potential for application in aquaculture, however there is still little informational and didactic material on molecular diagnostic techniques. Thus, the promotion for research and information dissemination of these tools can be a great ally for aquaculture.Aquaculture is a continuously growing industry in the world, but it has been suffering a lot from diseases from pathogens. The early diagnosis and treatment of these pathogens are essential to avoid losses due to mortality in the cultivation systems. The development of molecular methods has led to the emergence of tools to perform molecular diagnosis of pathogens more efficiently than conventional methods. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate, understand and describe the techniques used to perform molecular diagnosis of pathogens in aquaculture. A systematic review was carried out on publications about the theme in the past 10 years. Some common tools for molecular diagnosis of pathogens in aquaculture are polymerase chain reaction (PCR), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and polymerase recombinase amplification (RPA). These tools provide rapid, specific and sensitive diagnosis of several species of viruses, bacteria and fungi that affect aquaculture. In addition to the ability to detect the presence of pathogens, these tools can also be used to discriminate organisms at the species level and identify strains. The development of these tools is constantly growing and has great potential for application in aquaculture, however there is still little informational and didactic material on molecular diagnostic techniques. Thus, the promotion for research and information dissemination of these tools can be a great ally for aquaculture.